A recent study investigated whether the presence vs. absence of a medical explanation for pain in another person would impact  observer estimates of pain, sympathy and their inclination to help. They also looked at whether behavior expressions of pain would influence the relationship between absence vs presence of medical evidence. Participants watched videos of 4 back ...

A recent study randomly assigned male and female chronic neck pain patients to receive either weekly 90-min  lyengar yoga classes or to a self-care/exercise program, for a period of 9 weeks. Lyengar yoga is notable for its use of supportive props (belts, blankets, chairs) and its precision regarding specific poses and therefore is can be ...

Using data collected from 20, 214 individuals aged 18 years of age and older, researchers at Johns Hopkins University found that 10% experienced moderate pain, 11% severe pain, 33% had joint pain, 25% had arthritis and 12% had functional disability. They found that the total costs ranged from $560 to $635 billion. The additional health ...

The mathematics behind regression makes certain assumptions and these assumptions must be met satisfactorily before it is possible to draw any conclusions about the population based upon the sample used for the regression. That is, the assumptions must be met in order to generate unbiased estimates of the coefficients such that on average, the coefficients derived ...

Given a group of patients diagnosed with cancer at the same time, a 5-year survival rate would simply be calculated as the proportion of these patients still alive 5 years after diagnosis to the total number of patients diagnosed with cancer. Mortality rate is different. The mortality rate is the proportion of people within some ...

It never ceases to amaze me to what extent seemingly small changes in a questionnaire can impact responses. Imagine you are a college student and asked to rate your agreement to the following question: My college has an excellent reputation Now rate your agreement to this question: My college has an excellent reputation The only difference ...

A considerable body of evidence has shown that the order in which questions are asked can influence responses. For example, if a survey has a mix of open and close-ended questions, placing the closed-ended questions first can bias responses to subsequent open-ended questions toward those mentioned in the close-ended questions. More than 50 years ago researchers Herbert ...

In October 1995, the UK Committee of Safety of Medicine (CSM) issued a warning stating that third generation oral contraceptives doubled the risk of potentially fatal venous thromboembolism (VTE)  in the legs or lungs and recommended a switch to older drugs except where possible. The statement read, “It is well known that the pill may rarely produce thrombosis ...

Statistics is a tool that can be used for 2 purposes: 1) to describe a sample and 2) to infer things about a population based on a sample. Error bars presented on graphs can be used for both purposes. Error bars for description: Say we want to assess how well a teacher is performing based ...